globals [ time-left ; Number of days until the time horizon ; The time horizon is the variable "lifestage-duration", on the Interface maintenance-cost ; Daily maintenance energy cost food-value ; Energy value of food num-dead-of-starvation ; Number of foragers that died of starvation, for output num-dead-of-predation ; Number of foragers that died of predation ] patches-own [ food-probability ; Daily probability of obtaining food predation-survival ; Daily probability of surviving predation ] turtles-own [ energy-reserve ] to setup ; Erase everything from previous runs clear-all ; Set parameter values set maintenance-cost 1 set food-value 2 ; Re-set output variables set num-dead-of-starvation 0 set num-dead-of-predation 0 ; Set patch variables ask patch 0 0 [ set predation-survival 1.0 set food-probability 0.0 ] ask patch 1 0 [ set predation-survival 0.95 set food-probability 0.20 ] ask patch 2 0 [ set predation-survival 0.85 set food-probability 0.35 ] ask patch 3 0 [ set predation-survival 0.75 set food-probability 0.35 ] ask patch 4 0 [ set predation-survival 0.6 set food-probability 0.50 ] ; Label the patches and color by predation survival ask patches [ set pcolor scale-color red predation-survival 0 1 set plabel-color black set plabel (pxcor + 1) ; Label the patches from 1 to 5 ] ; Create the foragers, which are "turtles" in NetLogo terminology create-turtles initial-foragers [ set size 0.2 ; This size is only the display size setxy random-xcor random-ycor set energy-reserve initial-energy ] reset-ticks end to go tick if ticks > lifestage-duration [ stop ] ; The time left is the number of days the forager must still survive, including ; current day. set time-left lifestage-duration - ticks + 1 regenerate-food ; A new action to re-set food availability in patches ask turtles [ select-patch feed-and-grow survive-predation survive-starvation ] if file-output? [update-output] end to select-patch ; a turtle procedure to move to patch with highest fitness ; The fitness measure is in procedure "fitness-here-for" move-to-patch max-one-of patches [ fitness-here-for myself ] end to-report fitness-here-for [ a-turtle ] ; a patch procedure ; Modified for Version 3 for continuous starvation survival ; First, calculated starvation survival for current day let turtles-reserve [energy-reserve] of a-turtle let expected-starve-survival starve-survival-with-reserve turtles-reserve ; Multiply starvation survival by values for remaining days repeat (time-left - 1) [ set turtles-reserve turtles-reserve + (food-probability * food-value) - maintenance-cost let next-days-expected-survival starve-survival-with-reserve turtles-reserve set expected-starve-survival expected-starve-survival * next-days-expected-survival ] ; Calculate expected predation survival let expected-pred-survival predation-survival ^ time-left ; Temporary output for testing ; file-open "Fitness-here-test-out.csv" ; file-print (word ticks "," lifestage-duration "," food-probability "," predation-survival "," ([energy-reserve] of a-turtle) "," expected-starve-survival "," expected-pred-survival) ; file-close report expected-starve-survival * expected-pred-survival end to move-to-patch [ a-patch ] ; a turtle procedure setxy ([pxcor] of a-patch - 0.5 + random-float 1.0) random-ycor end to feed-and-grow ; a turtle procedure let change-in-reserve 0.0 ; first, determine whether food is found; ; if so, add the energy value if random-bernoulli food-probability [ set change-in-reserve food-value ; Now, implement food competition by reducing food-probability ; Its value should never become negative set food-probability food-probability - 0.01 ] ; second, subtract energy cost set change-in-reserve change-in-reserve - maintenance-cost ; then update the individual set energy-reserve energy-reserve + change-in-reserve end to survive-predation ; a turtle procedure if not random-bernoulli predation-survival [ set num-dead-of-predation num-dead-of-predation + 1 die ] end to survive-starvation ; a turtle procedure if not random-bernoulli (starve-survival-with-reserve energy-reserve) [ set num-dead-of-starvation num-dead-of-starvation + 1 die ] end to-report starve-survival-with-reserve [a-reserve] ; A turtle or patch procedure to calculate starvation survival probability ; for the current day from energy reserves ; For version 3, starvation is a continuous function of energy reserve ifelse a-reserve > 1.0 [ report 1.0 ] [ report exp ((a-reserve - 1) / 4) ] end to-report random-bernoulli [probability-true] ; First, do some defensive programming to make sure "probability-true" ; has a sensible value if (probability-true < 0.0 or probability-true > 1.0) [ type "Warning in random-bernoulli: probability-true equals " print probability-true ] if-else random-float 1.0 < probability-true [report true] [report false] end to update-output let the-file "PatchSelectionOut.csv" if ticks = 1 [ if file-exists? the-file [ file-delete the-file ] file-open the-file file-print "time-step,forager,patch,energy-reserve,pred-survival,food-prob" file-close ] file-open the-file ask turtles [ file-print (word ticks "," who "," (pxcor + 1) "," energy-reserve "," predation-survival "," food-probability)] file-close end to regenerate-food ; A global procedure to re-set food variables in patches ask patch 1 0 [ set food-probability 0.20 ] ask patch 2 0 [ set food-probability 0.35 ] ask patch 3 0 [ set food-probability 0.35 ] ask patch 4 0 [ set food-probability 0.50 ] end @#$#@#$#@ GRAPHICS-WINDOW 128 17 486 96 -1 -1 70.0 1 20 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 ticks 30.0 BUTTON 17 15 80 48 NIL setup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL 1 BUTTON 18 52 81 85 NIL go T 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL 1 BUTTON 18 89 81 122 step go NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL 1 SLIDER 19 129 197 162 lifestage-duration lifestage-duration 1 50 10.0 1 1 days HORIZONTAL INPUTBOX 242 131 332 191 initial-foragers 100.0 1 0 Number MONITOR 366 125 423 170 Starved num-dead-of-starvation 0 1 11 MONITOR 430 125 487 170 Eaten num-dead-of-predation 0 1 11 SLIDER 20 170 192 203 initial-energy initial-energy 1 10 5.0 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SWITCH 19 209 138 242 file-output? file-output? 1 1 -1000 @#$#@#$#@ # Patch Selection Model This code is provided to support the book "Modeling Populations of Adaptive Individuals" by Railsback and Harvey. It implements the third version of the patch selection model, with continuous starvation survival as well as food competition, as described in Section 4.5. The code was developed in NetLogo version 6.0.2 but should work in subsequent versions. The model is controlled and observed from the "Interface" tab. The program statements are on the "Code" tab; click the "Procedures" button to see a list of all the procedures (subroutines) in the code and go to one. ## Executing the model from the Interface 1. Click on the "setup" button to initialize the model. (This executes the "setup" procedure.) 2. Click on the "go" button to execute a complete simulation. Use the speed slider at the top of the Interface to slow down execution so it can be observed. (This button executes the "go" procedure, the model's schedule, repeatedly for the selected number of time steps.) 3. The "step" button executes just one time step each time it is clicked. 4. The above steps can be repeated as desired. ## Interface elements The Interface provides the following displays and controls, in addition to the setup, go, and step buttons described above. All the control sliders and switches must be set *before* using "setup" to initialize a model run. * The "view" (large rectangle that says "Ticks:" at the top) displays (after "setup" is executed) the five habitat patches and the foragers on each. You can right-click on a habitat patch or forager to open an "inspector" that displays all state variables. * The number of foragers to simulate can be entered in the "initial-foragers" input box. This number can be 1 or higher. * The "lifestage-duration" slider selects the length (number of time steps) of the simulation. * The "initial-energy" slider selects the initial energy reserves of the foragers. All foragers receive the same value. See the "setup" procedure. * The "Starved" and "Eaten" output boxes display the number of foragers that have died. * When the "file-output?" switch is on, an output file is written each time the model is run. The file is called "PatchSelectionOut.csv" and is overwritten each time the model runs. The file reports the state (patch, energy reserves, etc.) of each forager at the end of each time step. (If the model generates an error statement when "go" or "step" are clicked on, it is often because this output file was left open in another program.) **This option is not available in the web version of the model.** ## Version control Code modified 15 June 2018 SF Railsback Info tab updated 16 July 2018 SF Railsback @#$#@#$#@ default true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 5 40 250 150 205 260 250 airplane true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 0 135 15 120 60 120 105 15 165 15 195 120 180 135 240 105 270 120 285 150 270 180 285 210 270 165 240 180 180 285 195 285 165 180 105 180 60 165 15 arrow true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 0 0 150 105 150 105 293 195 293 195 150 300 150 box false 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 285 285 225 285 75 150 135 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 135 15 75 150 15 285 75 Polygon -7500403 true true 15 75 15 225 150 285 150 135 Line -16777216 false 150 285 150 135 Line -16777216 false 150 135 15 75 Line -16777216 false 150 135 285 75 bug true 0 Circle -7500403 true true 96 182 108 Circle -7500403 true true 110 127 80 Circle -7500403 true true 110 75 80 Line -7500403 true 150 100 80 30 Line -7500403 true 150 100 220 30 butterfly true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 165 209 199 225 225 225 255 195 270 165 255 150 240 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 165 89 198 75 225 75 255 105 270 135 255 150 240 Polygon -7500403 true true 139 148 100 105 55 90 25 90 10 105 10 135 25 180 40 195 85 194 139 163 Polygon -7500403 true true 162 150 200 105 245 90 275 90 290 105 290 135 275 180 260 195 215 195 162 165 Polygon -16777216 true false 150 255 135 225 120 150 135 120 150 105 165 120 180 150 165 225 Circle -16777216 true false 135 90 30 Line -16777216 false 150 105 195 60 Line -16777216 false 150 105 105 60 car false 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 300 180 279 164 261 144 240 135 226 132 213 106 203 84 185 63 159 50 135 50 75 60 0 150 0 165 0 225 300 225 300 180 Circle -16777216 true false 180 180 90 Circle -16777216 true false 30 180 90 Polygon -16777216 true false 162 80 132 78 134 135 209 135 194 105 189 96 180 89 Circle -7500403 true true 47 195 58 Circle -7500403 true true 195 195 58 circle false 0 Circle -7500403 true true 0 0 300 circle 2 false 0 Circle -7500403 true true 0 0 300 Circle -16777216 true false 30 30 240 cow false 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 200 193 197 249 179 249 177 196 166 187 140 189 93 191 78 179 72 211 49 209 48 181 37 149 25 120 25 89 45 72 103 84 179 75 198 76 252 64 272 81 293 103 285 121 255 121 242 118 224 167 Polygon -7500403 true true 73 210 86 251 62 249 48 208 Polygon -7500403 true true 25 114 16 195 9 204 23 213 25 200 39 123 cylinder false 0 Circle -7500403 true true 0 0 300 dot false 0 Circle -7500403 true true 90 90 120 face happy false 0 Circle -7500403 true true 8 8 285 Circle -16777216 true false 60 75 60 Circle -16777216 true false 180 75 60 Polygon -16777216 true false 150 255 90 239 62 213 47 191 67 179 90 203 109 218 150 225 192 218 210 203 227 181 251 194 236 217 212 240 face neutral false 0 Circle -7500403 true true 8 7 285 Circle -16777216 true false 60 75 60 Circle -16777216 true false 180 75 60 Rectangle -16777216 true false 60 195 240 225 face sad false 0 Circle -7500403 true true 8 8 285 Circle -16777216 true false 60 75 60 Circle -16777216 true false 180 75 60 Polygon -16777216 true false 150 168 90 184 62 210 47 232 67 244 90 220 109 205 150 198 192 205 210 220 227 242 251 229 236 206 212 183 fish false 0 Polygon -1 true false 44 131 21 87 15 86 0 120 15 150 0 180 13 214 20 212 45 166 Polygon -1 true false 135 195 119 235 95 218 76 210 46 204 60 165 Polygon -1 true false 75 45 83 77 71 103 86 114 166 78 135 60 Polygon -7500403 true true 30 136 151 77 226 81 280 119 292 146 292 160 287 170 270 195 195 210 151 212 30 166 Circle -16777216 true false 215 106 30 flag false 0 Rectangle -7500403 true true 60 15 75 300 Polygon -7500403 true true 90 150 270 90 90 30 Line -7500403 true 75 135 90 135 Line -7500403 true 75 45 90 45 flower false 0 Polygon -10899396 true false 135 120 165 165 180 210 180 240 150 300 165 300 195 240 195 195 165 135 Circle -7500403 true true 85 132 38 Circle -7500403 true true 130 147 38 Circle -7500403 true true 192 85 38 Circle -7500403 true true 85 40 38 Circle -7500403 true true 177 40 38 Circle -7500403 true true 177 132 38 Circle -7500403 true true 70 85 38 Circle -7500403 true true 130 25 38 Circle -7500403 true true 96 51 108 Circle -16777216 true false 113 68 74 Polygon -10899396 true false 189 233 219 188 249 173 279 188 234 218 Polygon -10899396 true false 180 255 150 210 105 210 75 240 135 240 house false 0 Rectangle -7500403 true true 45 120 255 285 Rectangle -16777216 true false 120 210 180 285 Polygon -7500403 true true 15 120 150 15 285 120 Line -16777216 false 30 120 270 120 leaf false 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 210 135 195 120 210 60 210 30 195 60 180 60 165 15 135 30 120 15 105 40 104 45 90 60 90 90 105 105 120 120 120 105 60 120 60 135 30 150 15 165 30 180 60 195 60 180 120 195 120 210 105 240 90 255 90 263 104 285 105 270 120 285 135 240 165 240 180 270 195 240 210 180 210 165 195 Polygon -7500403 true true 135 195 135 240 120 255 105 255 105 285 135 285 165 240 165 195 line true 0 Line -7500403 true 150 0 150 300 line half true 0 Line -7500403 true 150 0 150 150 pentagon false 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 15 15 120 60 285 240 285 285 120 person false 0 Circle -7500403 true true 110 5 80 Polygon -7500403 true true 105 90 120 195 90 285 105 300 135 300 150 225 165 300 195 300 210 285 180 195 195 90 Rectangle -7500403 true true 127 79 172 94 Polygon -7500403 true true 195 90 240 150 225 180 165 105 Polygon -7500403 true true 105 90 60 150 75 180 135 105 plant false 0 Rectangle -7500403 true true 135 90 165 300 Polygon -7500403 true true 135 255 90 210 45 195 75 255 135 285 Polygon -7500403 true true 165 255 210 210 255 195 225 255 165 285 Polygon -7500403 true true 135 180 90 135 45 120 75 180 135 210 Polygon -7500403 true true 165 180 165 210 225 180 255 120 210 135 Polygon -7500403 true true 135 105 90 60 45 45 75 105 135 135 Polygon -7500403 true true 165 105 165 135 225 105 255 45 210 60 Polygon -7500403 true true 135 90 120 45 150 15 180 45 165 90 sheep false 15 Circle -1 true true 203 65 88 Circle -1 true true 70 65 162 Circle -1 true true 150 105 120 Polygon -7500403 true false 218 120 240 165 255 165 278 120 Circle -7500403 true false 214 72 67 Rectangle -1 true true 164 223 179 298 Polygon -1 true true 45 285 30 285 30 240 15 195 45 210 Circle -1 true true 3 83 150 Rectangle -1 true true 65 221 80 296 Polygon -1 true true 195 285 210 285 210 240 240 210 195 210 Polygon -7500403 true false 276 85 285 105 302 99 294 83 Polygon -7500403 true false 219 85 210 105 193 99 201 83 square false 0 Rectangle -7500403 true true 30 30 270 270 square 2 false 0 Rectangle -7500403 true true 30 30 270 270 Rectangle -16777216 true false 60 60 240 240 star false 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 151 1 185 108 298 108 207 175 242 282 151 216 59 282 94 175 3 108 116 108 target false 0 Circle -7500403 true true 0 0 300 Circle -16777216 true false 30 30 240 Circle -7500403 true true 60 60 180 Circle -16777216 true false 90 90 120 Circle -7500403 true true 120 120 60 tree false 0 Circle -7500403 true true 118 3 94 Rectangle -6459832 true false 120 195 180 300 Circle -7500403 true true 65 21 108 Circle -7500403 true true 116 41 127 Circle -7500403 true true 45 90 120 Circle -7500403 true true 104 74 152 triangle false 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 30 15 255 285 255 triangle 2 false 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 30 15 255 285 255 Polygon -16777216 true false 151 99 225 223 75 224 truck false 0 Rectangle -7500403 true true 4 45 195 187 Polygon -7500403 true true 296 193 296 150 259 134 244 104 208 104 207 194 Rectangle -1 true false 195 60 195 105 Polygon -16777216 true false 238 112 252 141 219 141 218 112 Circle -16777216 true false 234 174 42 Rectangle -7500403 true true 181 185 214 194 Circle -16777216 true false 144 174 42 Circle -16777216 true false 24 174 42 Circle -7500403 false true 24 174 42 Circle -7500403 false true 144 174 42 Circle -7500403 false true 234 174 42 turtle true 0 Polygon -10899396 true false 215 204 240 233 246 254 228 266 215 252 193 210 Polygon -10899396 true false 195 90 225 75 245 75 260 89 269 108 261 124 240 105 225 105 210 105 Polygon -10899396 true false 105 90 75 75 55 75 40 89 31 108 39 124 60 105 75 105 90 105 Polygon -10899396 true false 132 85 134 64 107 51 108 17 150 2 192 18 192 52 169 65 172 87 Polygon -10899396 true false 85 204 60 233 54 254 72 266 85 252 107 210 Polygon -7500403 true true 119 75 179 75 209 101 224 135 220 225 175 261 128 261 81 224 74 135 88 99 wheel false 0 Circle -7500403 true true 3 3 294 Circle -16777216 true false 30 30 240 Line -7500403 true 150 285 150 15 Line -7500403 true 15 150 285 150 Circle -7500403 true true 120 120 60 Line -7500403 true 216 40 79 269 Line -7500403 true 40 84 269 221 Line -7500403 true 40 216 269 79 Line -7500403 true 84 40 221 269 wolf false 0 Polygon -16777216 true false 253 133 245 131 245 133 Polygon -7500403 true true 2 194 13 197 30 191 38 193 38 205 20 226 20 257 27 265 38 266 40 260 31 253 31 230 60 206 68 198 75 209 66 228 65 243 82 261 84 268 100 267 103 261 77 239 79 231 100 207 98 196 119 201 143 202 160 195 166 210 172 213 173 238 167 251 160 248 154 265 169 264 178 247 186 240 198 260 200 271 217 271 219 262 207 258 195 230 192 198 210 184 227 164 242 144 259 145 284 151 277 141 293 140 299 134 297 127 273 119 270 105 Polygon -7500403 true true -1 195 14 180 36 166 40 153 53 140 82 131 134 133 159 126 188 115 227 108 236 102 238 98 268 86 269 92 281 87 269 103 269 113 x false 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 270 75 225 30 30 225 75 270 Polygon -7500403 true true 30 75 75 30 270 225 225 270 @#$#@#$#@ NetLogo 6.0.2 @#$#@#$#@ @#$#@#$#@ @#$#@#$#@ setup go count turtles mean [predation-survival] of turtles @#$#@#$#@ @#$#@#$#@ default 0.0 -0.2 0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1 1.0 0.0 0.2 0 0.0 1.0 link direction true 0 Line -7500403 true 150 150 90 180 Line -7500403 true 150 150 210 180 @#$#@#$#@ 0 @#$#@#$#@